与此同时,边疆地区也使得美国人习惯于使用暴力。枪支对于驯服蛮荒边疆的人来说至关重要。边疆社会很容易转向最终的惩罚办法——死刑——来保持一种不稳定的秩序,或者说,实际上首先是攫取土地。建设得克萨斯州的人们,如杰克·海斯(Jack Hays)和L.H.麦克内利(L.H.McNelly),把自己看作是勇士而不是凶手。按照西部精神,费伦巴赫写道:“海斯在印第安妇女的圆形帐篷外一个又一个地射杀她们,不过是像第二次世界大战中将炸弹投向拥挤居民房屋区的投弹杀手一样。”[37]即使夺得了土地,争议中的自卫负担也是由个人来承担。(如果他们太过于懦弱而承担不了,那是自己不走运,应该待在家里。)兴旺发达的前景和永无宁日的无政府状态威胁,还有什么比这些更有利于保守主义的思想呢?
因此,美国一直以来总是有着保守主义的因素。但是直到20世纪中期,才真正成了一个右派国家。自那时以来,保守主义的倾向和成见才确定变成了某种根本性的东西。由于从根本上说美国是一个保守的国家,因此在它的大部分历史中,并不需要一场保守主义运动。这场保守主义运动在20世纪50年代兴起,当时保守的美国人开始反对“大政府自由主义”在过去20年中取得的进展。这场运动到60年代开始虎虎有生气,当时约翰逊的民主党试图将美国大大地往左拉。时至今日,美国保守主义的一个强有力的组成部分都还是对自由主义的敌意。在这方面表现突出的是,南方经常去做礼拜的人抗议同性恋婚姻,比尔·奥赖利使欧洲轴心在福克斯电视台的告密者苦恼不已。但是,美国的保守主义已经变质为不仅仅是下意识的反应,而是更为可怕的东西。在国内外,它是一种同时以先发制人和防御性的反应为特点的意识形态。现在,我们把话题转到这种现代的保守主义及其自身的例外特性上。
[1]Daniel Boorstin,The Genius of American Politics(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1953),p.6.
[2]Michael Lind,The Next American Nation:The New Nationalism and the Furth American Revolution(New York:Simon & Schuster,1995),p.225.
[3]Boorstin,The Genius of American Politics,p.6.
[4]Ibid.,p.70.
[5]Gordon Wood,The American Revolution:A History(New York:Modern Library Chronicles,2002),p.65.
[6]Martin Diamond,“The American Idea of Equality:The View of the Founding,”in As Far As Republican Principles Will Admit:Essays by Martin Diamond,William A.Schambra ed.,(Washington,D.C.:AEI Press,1992),pp.248~249.
[7]H.W.Brands,The Strange Death of American Liberalism(New Haven:Yale University Press,2001),pp.1~2.
[8]Jacob Weisberg,In Defense of Government:The Fall and Rise of Public Trust(New York:Scribner,1996),p.40.
[9]Lind,The Next American Nation,p.38.
[10]Robert A.Caro,Master of the Senate:The Years of Lyndon Johnson(New York:Knopf,2002),p.90.
[11]Seymour Martin Lipset and Gary Marks,It Didn't Happen Here:Why Socialism Failed in the United States(New York:W.W.Norton,2000),pp.98~99.
[12]John Parker,“Survey of America,”Economist,November 8,2003,p.5.
[13]Lipset and Marks,It Didn't Happen Here,p.286.
[14]Brands,The Strange Death of American Liberalism,pp.24~25.
[15]Lipset and Marks,It Didn't Happen Here,p.286.
[16]Garry Wills,Under God:Religion and American Politics(New York:Simon & Schuster,1990),p.370.
[17]James A.Morone,Hellfire Nation:The Politics of Sin in American History(New Haven:Yale University Press,2003),p.127.
[18]Parker,“Survey Of America,”p.14.
[19]参见Robert Fogel,The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999)。
[20]引自Seymour Martin Lipset,“American Exceptionalism Reaffirmed,”in Is America Different?A New Look at American Exceptionalism,ed.Byron Shafer(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1991),p.25。
[21]Ibid.,p.26.
[22]Gene Healy,“What's Conservative About the Pledge of Allegiance?”Cato Institute,November 4,2003,http://www.cato.org/dailys/11-04-03.html.
[23]David M.Potter,People of Plenty:Economic Abundance and the American Character(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1954),p.80.
[24]H.G.Wells,The Future in America(New York:Harper And Brothers,1906),pp.105~106.
[25] Lipst and Marks,It Didn't Happen Here,p.325.
[26]Potter,People of Plenty,p.80.
[27]Seymour Martin Lipset,The First New Nation:The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective(London:Heinemann,1963),p.325.
[28]John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge,The Company:A Short History of a Revolutionary Idea(New York:Modern Library,2003).
[29]Brands,The Strange Death of American Liberalism,p.139.
[30]“In Praise of the Unspeakable,”Economist,July 20,2002.
[31]Daniel J.Boorstin,The Americans:The National Experience(New York:Vintage Books,1965),p.91.
[32]Ibid.,p.113.
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